The following is extracted from chandassu101
Telugu has some unique metres which sound very pleasant. Before going into the description of each metre, one should know about some syllable combinations. These are:
Indra Ganas (Groups of Indra)
nala : I I I I
naga : I I I U
sala : I I U I
bha : U I I
ra : U I U
ta : U U I
Surya Ganas (Groups of Surya)
gala : U I
na : I I I
Note that the symbol 'U' denotes a long syllable and 'I' denotes a short syllable.
Along with these combinations the following two rules must be understood before looking at the specific metres:
prasa niyamam
If this rule is applied every second letter of each line must match. The match is only for consonant and not the vowel combined with it. For example, pa-pu-pe-pai are all valid.
yati maitri
Under this rule, the said letters (which change for each metre) must belong to a set. Both vowels and consonants must be of the same set. The sets are:
1. a, A, ai, au, ha, ya, aM, a@h
2. i, I, e, E, R
3. u, U, o, O
4. ka, Ka, ga, Ga, ~na, ksha
5. ca, Ca, ja, Ja, Sa, sha, sa, ~ma
6. Ta, Tha, Da, Dha, Na
7. ta, tha, da, dha, na
8. pa, pha, ba, bha, ma, va
9. Na, na
10. ra, r''a, la, La
prasa yati
If prasa yati is allowed, then instead of matching yati in that line one can chose to match the second letters of that lines following the prasa niyamam.
While the syllable grouping allow for a beautiful flow, the other rules enhance the beauty and make it easy to remember.
tETagIti - ATaveladi
The following is a famous poem which describes the syllable combination for Ataveladi and Tetagiti
sUryuDokkaruMDu surarAjuliddaru
dinakara dvayaMbu tETagIti
ina gaNa trayaMbu iMdra dvayaMbu
haMsa paMcakaMbu ATaveladi
tETagIti: The syllable combinations are:
1 sUrya gaNa, 2 iMdra gaNAs, 2 sUrya gaNAs
in all four lines of the poem
ATaveladi: The syllable combinations are:
1 and 3 lines - 3 sUrya gaNAs, 2 iMdra gaNAs
2 and 4 lines - 5 sUrya gaNAs
The additional rules common to both are:
1. No prAsa niyamaM
2. yati maitri is required - the first letter of the first gana and the first letter of the 4th gana
3. prAsa yati is valid
Kandam
Kandam is a very beautiful and short metre. The rules are as follows:
1. It has all ganas which are equivalent to 4 short syllables, i.e., "gaga"(UU), "bha" (U I I), "ja" (I U I), "sa"(I I U), "nala" (I I I I)
2. It has 3 ganas in odd lines and 5 ganas in even lines (total 4 lines)
3. An odd number gana cannot be "ja (I U I)" in odd number (1 and 3) lines. An even number gana cannot be ja (I U I)" in even number (2 and 4) lines.
4. In 2nd and 4th lines, the 3rd gana must be "ja" (I U I) or "nala" (I I I I)
5. The last syllable of 2nd and 4th lines must be long. So the last gana of these lines must be "gaga"(UU) or "sa"(I I U)
6. prasa niyamam is compulsory. prasa yati is invalid.
7. yati maitri is only in 2nd and 4th lines. It is between 1st letter of 1st gana and 1st letter of 4th gana in these lines.
8. All first letters in each line must be either long or short.
Example:
balavaMtuDa nAkEmani
paluvuratO nigrahiMci palukuTa mElA ?!
balavaMtamaina sarpamu
cali cImala cEta cikki cAvade sumatI ?!
sa sa bha
I I U |I I U|U I I
balavaMtuDa nAkEmani
nala gaga ja nala gaga
I I I I|U U|I U I | I I I I | U U
paluvuratO nigrahiMci palukuTa mElA
please note that all lines have "la" as prasa (la, lu, la, li). Also, the yati is between "pa" and "pa" in second line and "ca" and "cA" in fourth line. All the first letters are short (ba, pa, ba and ca).
Telugu has some unique metres which sound very pleasant. Before going into the description of each metre, one should know about some syllable combinations. These are:
Indra Ganas (Groups of Indra)
nala : I I I I
naga : I I I U
sala : I I U I
bha : U I I
ra : U I U
ta : U U I
Surya Ganas (Groups of Surya)
gala : U I
na : I I I
Note that the symbol 'U' denotes a long syllable and 'I' denotes a short syllable.
Along with these combinations the following two rules must be understood before looking at the specific metres:
prasa niyamam
If this rule is applied every second letter of each line must match. The match is only for consonant and not the vowel combined with it. For example, pa-pu-pe-pai are all valid.
yati maitri
Under this rule, the said letters (which change for each metre) must belong to a set. Both vowels and consonants must be of the same set. The sets are:
1. a, A, ai, au, ha, ya, aM, a@h
2. i, I, e, E, R
3. u, U, o, O
4. ka, Ka, ga, Ga, ~na, ksha
5. ca, Ca, ja, Ja, Sa, sha, sa, ~ma
6. Ta, Tha, Da, Dha, Na
7. ta, tha, da, dha, na
8. pa, pha, ba, bha, ma, va
9. Na, na
10. ra, r''a, la, La
prasa yati
If prasa yati is allowed, then instead of matching yati in that line one can chose to match the second letters of that lines following the prasa niyamam.
While the syllable grouping allow for a beautiful flow, the other rules enhance the beauty and make it easy to remember.
tETagIti - ATaveladi
The following is a famous poem which describes the syllable combination for Ataveladi and Tetagiti
sUryuDokkaruMDu surarAjuliddaru
dinakara dvayaMbu tETagIti
ina gaNa trayaMbu iMdra dvayaMbu
haMsa paMcakaMbu ATaveladi
tETagIti: The syllable combinations are:
1 sUrya gaNa, 2 iMdra gaNAs, 2 sUrya gaNAs
in all four lines of the poem
ATaveladi: The syllable combinations are:
1 and 3 lines - 3 sUrya gaNAs, 2 iMdra gaNAs
2 and 4 lines - 5 sUrya gaNAs
The additional rules common to both are:
1. No prAsa niyamaM
2. yati maitri is required - the first letter of the first gana and the first letter of the 4th gana
3. prAsa yati is valid
Kandam
Kandam is a very beautiful and short metre. The rules are as follows:
1. It has all ganas which are equivalent to 4 short syllables, i.e., "gaga"(UU), "bha" (U I I), "ja" (I U I), "sa"(I I U), "nala" (I I I I)
2. It has 3 ganas in odd lines and 5 ganas in even lines (total 4 lines)
3. An odd number gana cannot be "ja (I U I)" in odd number (1 and 3) lines. An even number gana cannot be ja (I U I)" in even number (2 and 4) lines.
4. In 2nd and 4th lines, the 3rd gana must be "ja" (I U I) or "nala" (I I I I)
5. The last syllable of 2nd and 4th lines must be long. So the last gana of these lines must be "gaga"(UU) or "sa"(I I U)
6. prasa niyamam is compulsory. prasa yati is invalid.
7. yati maitri is only in 2nd and 4th lines. It is between 1st letter of 1st gana and 1st letter of 4th gana in these lines.
8. All first letters in each line must be either long or short.
Example:
balavaMtuDa nAkEmani
paluvuratO nigrahiMci palukuTa mElA ?!
balavaMtamaina sarpamu
cali cImala cEta cikki cAvade sumatI ?!
sa sa bha
I I U |I I U|U I I
balavaMtuDa nAkEmani
nala gaga ja nala gaga
I I I I|U U|I U I | I I I I | U U
paluvuratO nigrahiMci palukuTa mElA
please note that all lines have "la" as prasa (la, lu, la, li). Also, the yati is between "pa" and "pa" in second line and "ca" and "cA" in fourth line. All the first letters are short (ba, pa, ba and ca).
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